parison
D．using examples
剖析：D 推理判断题。作者在第二段中解释了the law of overlearning，接着在第三、四段通过具体的实例来对此进行说明。故选D项。
70．What is the author's opinion on cramming?
A．It leads to failure in college exams.
B．It's helpful only in a limited way.
C．It's possible to result in poor memory.
D．It increases students' learning interest.
剖析：B 推理判断题。由最后一段第一句可知，虽然突击学习可能在通过考试的分数上起一定作用，但是对于学习大学课程来说却不是一种令人满意的方法。由此推出，在作者看来突击学习的作用是有一定局限性的。故选B项。
这类题目单从材料的字面意思中是找不到答案的，这就要求考生必须仔细阅读，了解文中的全部信息或事实，透彻理解文章的深层含义，运用归纳、综合、推理的逻辑思维方法，将已述和未述的含义结合起来思考，判断人物的动机、目的和性格特征，理顺事件发生的顺序或前因后果，从而找到答案。
C7[2013・北京卷] C
Does Fame Drive You Crazy?
Although being famous might sound like a dream come true, today's stars, feeling like zoo animals, face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the world's attention. Paparazzi (狗仔队) camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids (小报) publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature!
According to psychologist Christina Villarreal, celebrities―famous people―worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually, they start to lose track of who they really are, seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them, not as the people they were before everyone knew their names. “Over time，” Villarreal says, “they feel separated and alone.”
The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century BC, painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold－out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain(抱怨) about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film－stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.
Being a public figure today, however, is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous, there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their “story” alive forever.
If fame is so troublesome, why aren't all celebrities running away from it? The answer is there are still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities. They focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them famous in the first place.
Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice. Still, even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are. They are tired of being famous already.
63．It can be learned from the passage that stars today ________．
A. are often misunderstood by the public
B. can no longer have their privacy protected
C. spend too much on their public appearance
D. care little about how they have come into fame
64．What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?
A. Great heroes of the past were generally admired.
B. The problem faced by celebrities has a long history.
C. Well－known actors are usually targets of tabloids.
D. Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.
65．What makes it much harder to be a celebrity today?
A. Availability of modern media.
B. Inadequate social recognition.
C. Lack of favorable chances.
D. Huge population of fans.
66．What is the author's attitude toward modern celebrity?
A. Sincere.
B. Sceptical.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
【要点综述】 本文主要论述名人的烦恼，涉及名人的压力、与世界的隔离、历史由来、现在的状况，最后提出了解决名人烦恼的办法。
63．B 细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，名人几乎难有隐私。所以选B。
64．B 段落大意题。第三段主要讲名人烦恼的历史由来。所以选B。
65．A 细节理解题。根据第四段cameras、the Internet等可知选A。
66．D 观点态度题。作者对于名人的压力、存在状况是非常同情的。所以选D。sincere真挚的；sceptical怀疑的；disapproving不赞成的；sympathetic同情的。
阅读理解技法指导
3．主旨大意题
主旨大意题常见的命题方式有以下几种：
(1)The best title/headline for this passage is ______.
(2)The passage(or the first paragraph)is mainly about ______.
(3)What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage?
(4)Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
(5)The passage chiefly discusses/deals with ______.
(6)Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?
(7)The passage mainly tells us that ______.
(8)Which of the following can best sum up the passage?
(9)What's the best/most suitable title of this text/passage?
如：(2012・湖南高考，C篇)
Harvard researchers have created a tough，lowcost，biodegradable (可生物降解的) material inspired by insects' hard outer shells.The material's inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic.The material，made from shrimp (虾) shells and proteins produced from silk，is called “shrilk.” It is thin，clear，flexible and strong.
A major benefit of the material is its biodegradability.Plastic's toughness and flexibility represented a revolution in materials science during the 1950s and '60s.Decades later，however，plastic's very durability (耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate it is for onetime products such as plastic bags，or shortlived consumer goods，used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries.What is the point of making something that lasts 1,000 years?
Shrilk not only will degrade in a landfill，but its basic components are used as fertilizer(肥料)，and so will enrich the soil.
Shrilk has great potential，the inventors said.Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature，found in everything ranging from shrimp shells，insect bodies to living plants.That makes shrilk low cost，and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material.
Work on shrilk is continuing in the lab.The inventors said the material becomes flexible when wet，so they're exploring ways to use it in wet environments.They're also developing simpler production processes，which could be used for nonmedical products，like for computer cases and other products inside the home.They're even exploring combining it with other materials，like carbon fibers，to give it new properties.
66．Paragraph 1 of the passage is mainly about shrilk's ______.
A．remarkable design
B．interesting name
C．major features
D．basic elements
剖析：C 主旨大意题。第一段中主要介绍哈佛大学发明的这种新型材料其灵感来自于动物的外壳，其用途广泛，低耗环保，是塑料的替代品。它由虾壳及丝蛋白制成，因此被命名为“shrilk”，其特点是轻薄、透明、柔韧、结实。不难看出这里介绍的是这种新材料的主要特性，其他选项过于片面。故C项正确。
70．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．Recent Progress in Environmental Protection
B．Benefits of Insects in Scientific Research
C．The Harm of Onetime Products
D．A Possible Alternative to Plastic
剖析：D 主旨大意题。本文为科技说明文，开篇点题，介绍了这种可替代塑料的新型材料的性能等问题，所以D项适合。
这类题目要求在理解全文的情况下归纳文章要点，对全文的中心思想进行概括、总结和评价。考生需要分析文章的篇章结构，认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子或最后一句，抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论，弄清作者的写作意图，综合归纳各段要点以把握文章的主题或大意，从而找出能概括文章主旨或中心思想的标题。
阅读理解技法指导
4．词义猜测题
词义猜测题常见的命题方式有以下几种：
(1)The word “...” in the passage means ______.
(2)The word “...” could be best replaced by ______.
(3)Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to ______.
(4)The word “...” probably refers to ______.
(5)According to the passage，the word “...” is known as ______.
如：(2012・课标全国高考，A篇)
Are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to？Try some of these places：
・Visit art museums.They offer a variety of activities to excite your kids' interest.Many offer workshops for making handmade pieces，traveling exhibits，book signings(签名) by children's favorite writers，and even musical performances and other arts.
・Head to a natural history museum.This is where kids can discover the past from dinosaur models to rock collections and pictures of stars in the sky.Also，ask what kind of workshops and educational programs are prepared for kids and any special events that are coming up.
・Go to a Youtheater.Look for one in your area offering plays for child and family visitors.Preshow play shops are conducted by area artists and educators where kids can discover the secret about performing arts.Puppet(木偶) making and stage makeup are just a couple of the special offerings you might find.
・Try handson_science.Visit one of the many handson science museums around the country.These science playlands are great fun for kids and grownups alike.They'll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons，experimenting，and building.When everyone is tired，enjoy a fun family science show，commonly found in these museums.
58．What does “handson science” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Science games designed by kids.
B．Learning science by doing things.
C．A show of kids' science work.
D．Reading science books.
剖析：B 词义猜测题。由“Try handson science.”部分倒数第二句中的“...while pushing buttons，experimenting，and building.”可知，在这个博物馆里，孩子和成年人都可以动手操作。故handson science是指“通过做事情而学习科学知识”。故选B项。
英语词汇具有多义性，同一种意思可有不同的表达方式。词义猜测题要求对短文中某些词、词组或句子作出解释。
做题时，一定要在理解全文的基础上，判断词语在文中的确切含义，决不可脱离原文进行解释，要从被考查词汇所处的语境和上下文的联系进行分析。如果出现this is，that is to say或破折号等，我们可以断定，后面的内容是对前面内容的解释；如果出现but，however，yet以及表示相反结果的on the contrary，on the other hand等，我们可以从画线词语的相反意义去考虑。
阅读理解误区警示
1．细节理解题易错点
(2012・江苏高考，A篇)
What Would You Want Most on a Desert Island?
This month's survey shows people worldwide have a natural understanding of what they would need most if left alone on a desert island：Another person.And one they know well.Respondents(调查对象) in all 16 countries surveyed said their spouse(配偶) or partner would be their first choice to have with them.Perhaps this makes sense：An MP3 player can't help you find drinking water，your dog can't help you start a fire and who knows if George Clooney or Penélope Cruz has taken courses in wilderness survival training？Let's just hope the SOS sign you two build gets spotted sooner rather than later!
Spouse/Partner
82% of the South African women surveyed would most want their husband/partner with them，while just 45% of the Indian women surveyed agreed.
Clooney/Cruz
27% of Russian men surveyed would want a celebrity(名人) along.Only 2% of the Mexican men agreed.Less than 18% of women worldwide chose this option.
MP3 Player
This was second choice overall，particularly among Malaysian men，with 32% saying they'd most want an MP3 player with their favorite songs.Just 5% each of Australian and American men agreed.
Dog
In France,28% of respondents older than 45 would most want to be left alone with their dog，while not a single Russian or Malaysian in that age group surveyed would most want Fido along.
56．According to the survey，people left alone on a desert island would most want their ______.
A．MP3 player B．dog
C．spouse/partner D．celebrity
【错混透析】C 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，留在孤岛上的人最需要一个熟悉的人，16个国家的被调查对象表示他们的第一选择是他们的配偶或伙伴。
58．The survey results are analyzed in terms of the respondents' ______.
A．sex，age and nationality B．race，nationality and sex
C．marriage，age and race D．age，sex and marriage
【错混透析】A 细节理解题。被调查的对象有42岁、28岁、25岁的，有女性，也有俄罗斯、墨西哥、澳大利亚和美国的男性，并且来自16个国家，所以答案为A项。
C7[2013・福建卷] E
A MENTORING (导师制) program is giving life changing opportunities to Banbury youth.
Young Inspirations was founded two years ago to provide mentoring sessions for students and unemployed young adults aged 11 to 21.
Alex Goldberg, the program's founder, said：“We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook.
“We try to create work experience opportunities that will really make a difference to our youth. For example, we've secured internships (实习) with world－famous firms such as Honda.
“At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring, it is extremely important that these opportunities are available both to help youth with their school work and grades and to give them opportunities which may help shape their futures.” Kieran Hepburn, 14, is one of a group of Banbury youth who has benefited from the program so far. In October the Banbury School pupil was accompanied by Young Inspirations staff to Paris where he was an observer at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) International Youth Forum (论坛)．
The event was held for young people from around the world, to seek their views on how the future of youth and education should look. Kieran joined several hundred observers mostly in their 20s and was the only UK school pupil to attend the event. Kieran thinks the trip was a life changing experience. “Before we left I didn't quite know what to make of it but when we got there we didn't stop; it was amazing，” he said, “We went to three or four hours of debates each day and then did something cultural each afternoon.”
The main theme of the forum was how youth can drive change in political and public life. It dealt with issues (问题) such as drug abuse, violence and unemployment.
Kieran said: “It has really helped me to improve my confidence and social skills as well as my school grades and I was voted most improved pupil at school in August.”
The Young Inspirations mentoring sessions take place each Friday in Banbury. For details visit www.younginspirations.com.
71．The Young Inspirations mentoring program aims to ________．
A. train staff for world－famous firms
B. offer job opportunities to young adults
C. provide youth with unique experiences
D. equip the unemployed with different skills
72．According to Alex Goldberg, it is difficult for schools to offer the mentoring due to ________．
A. the lack of support from firms
B. the cultural differences
C. the effect of unemployment
D. the shortage of money
73．According to the passage, the forum focused on how youth can ________．
A. build up their confidence at school
B. find work experience opportunities
C. improve their social skills for the future
D. play an active role in the change of society
74．We can learn from the passage that ________．
A．the visit to the United Kingdom was amazing
B．Kieran has made great progress in many aspects
C．the youth have found a way to solve their problems
D．the mentoring sessions are held every day except Friday
75．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Alex Goldberg, Founder of Young Inspirations
B．Young People Find a World of Opportunity
C．Kieran, Banbury School Pupil to Paris
D．Debates Help Youth with Their Grades
【要点综述】 本文通过介绍“导师制”项目及参与该项目学生的自我评述和总结，说明社会实践有利于学生们学业的提高和视野的扩大，用具体事例说明参与社会实践的好处。
71．C 推理判断题。纵观全文，多处说到该项目的目的是为学生提供社会实践的机会，帮助学生们提高学业成绩和丰富社会经验，故答案应为C。
72．D 细节理解题。根据第五段 “At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring…” 可知，学校是因为资金不足而未能组织学生参加社会实践活动。cutback 削减。
73．D 细节理解题。选项A、B和C都只是论坛关注的一个方面而非全部，选项D是对A、B和C的全面概括。
74．B 细节理解题。从文章后半部分可以看出，Kieran认为自己在许多方面均取得很大的进步，其他选项均不符合原文意思。
75．B 主旨大意题。学生们通过社会实践找到了提高成绩和丰富经验的机会。只有选项B最能概括文章中心意思，其他选项都不够全面。