munism________have lived and died in London.
这似乎是一件怪事，这位发展了共产主义的人竟然在伦敦生活过，并且在伦敦过世。
3．However, just as they were going to get Ireland ________ to form the United Kingdom, the southern part of that country broke away to form its own government.
然而，正当他们打算把爱尔兰也同另外三个国家联合起来以形成联合王国的时候，爱尔兰的南部却分离出去了，并建立了自己的政府。
4．Fancy! This solid stone, square tower had ________ standing for one thousand years.
真是太棒了！这个坚实的用石头砌的方形塔已经屹立在那儿一千年了。
5．It looked splendid when first ________！
刚建成的时候，它看起来真是金碧辉煌！
自我诊断
单词拓展
1．unite；united；unity 2.consist；consistence/consistency；consistent 3.clarify；clarity 4.accomplish；accomplishment
5．convenience；convenient；inconvenient 6.attract；attraction；attractive 7.description；describe 8.plus 9.quarrel；quarrel；quarrelsome 10.arrange；arrangement 11.fold 12.delight；delighted；delightful 13.thrill 14.error 15.tense
短语回顾
1．of 2.break 3.out 4.take 5.divide 6.to 7.down 8.in 9.for 10.on
句型背诵
1．find；included 2.It；that；should 3.connected
4．remained 5.built
考 点 串 串 讲
重点单词
1.debate n．&v.争论；辩论
The government is debating the education laws.
政府正在就教育法进行辩论。
He was debating whether to go for a walk or to visit a friend.
他在考虑去散步还是去访友。
His conclusions are hotly debated among academics.
他的结论在学术界引起了热烈的辩论。
●用法拓展
debate whether/what/how/who etc讨论，辩论；反复考虑，斟酌
debate on/about/over对……的讨论，辩论
open the debate率先发言
fierce/heated debate激烈的/热烈的讨论/辩论
be open to debate＝be a matter for debate有待于讨论
under debate在讨论中
●易混辨析
debate，argue，discuss与quarrel
四者都含有一定的“争论”之意。
debate多指公开、正式场合进行的辩论或严肃的争论，双方各自陈述理由，“交锋”“往返回合”的意味较强。例如：
The candidates agreed to debate the campaign issues face to face.
候选人都同意就竞选问题进行面对面的辩论。
argue指一方坚持自己的意见、立场和观点，通过争论企图说服对方(argue with sb. about/over sth.)。例如：
The speaker argued that more immigrants should be admitted to the country.
讲演者举出理由证明应该允许更多的移民入境。
discuss指为了解决问题或弄清对方的观点而进行的讨论，磋商。例如：
“Men are never so likely to settle a question rightly as when they discuss it freely.”(Macaulay)
“只有自由讨论才最有可能解决问题”。(麦考利)
quarrel争吵，争论，含与人发生口角的意思。例如：
Those children are always quarreling over little things.
那些孩子们总是为小事而争吵。
即境活用
单项填空
①The whole nation watched the two candidates________the issue of raising taxes on TV.
A．debate B．argue
C．discuss D．quarrel
完成句子
②I am not feeling well and am________(考虑是否去上学)．
③There has been________(激烈的讨论)the issue.
答案：①A
②debating whether to go to school
③a heated/intense debate on/over/about
2．influence n．影响；感化；势力；有影响的人(事)vt.影响；改变
My teacher's influence made me study science at college.
由于我老师的影响，我上大学学了理科。
Claude's work had a major influence on generations of musicians.
克劳德的作品对几代音乐家都产生过重要影响。
What influenced you to take the job?
是什么影响你接受这份工作？
●用法拓展
have an influence on对……产生影响
under the influence of在……的影响下
be a bad/good influence on对……是坏/好的影响
influence sb. to do影响某人去做某事
●易混辨析
influence，affect与effect
三者均可表示“影响”。
influence表示“影响”，主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响。如：
What you read influences your thinking.
你读的东西对你的思想有影响。
affect vt.主要指一时的影响，着重影响的动作，可指一般意义的影响(不分好坏)，也可指不良影响。
effect n. affect＝have an effect on.如：
To affect a policy is to have an effect on it.
影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。
注意：effect有时虽用作动词(及物)，但不表示“影响”，而表示“实现”或“产生”等。如：
He effected great changes in the company.
他使公司发生了巨大的变化。
即境活用
完成句子
①Television has________(有巨大的影响)children.
②My teacher________(影响我决定)study science.
③A lot of teenagers are crazy about basketball________(在……影响下)Yao Ming.
答案：①a great influence on
②influenced my decision to
③under the influence of
3．arrange vt.筹备；安排；整理
Her parents arranged a big party for her twentieth birthday.
她父母为她的20岁生日安排了一个大型派对。
●用法拓展
arrange sth.安排；布置；整理；筹备
arrange sth. for sb.为某人安排某事
arrange for sth.为……安排
arrange＋n.＋for＋n.为……安排……
arrange(for sb./sth.)to do sth.安排(某人/某物)做某事
arrange with sb. to do sth.和某人商定做某事
It is/was arranged＋that从句 据约定/安排……
arrangement n．安排；筹备
make arrangements for安排好……
come to an arrangement达成协议
During the summer holiday，they arranged for the journey.
暑假期间他们为旅行作了安排。
Will you arrange an appointment for me with your boss?
请你安排我和你的老板见一次面好吗？
It was arranged that I would leave and Oliver would come in July.
据安排我将离开，而奥立佛将于七月份来。
即境活用
单项填空
①I have arranged________a car to pick you up at 10 o'clock.
A．with B．for
C．in D．on
②―I hear that you will be on travel again.
―Yeah.My boss________for me to discuss business details with someone from another company.
A．asked B．arranged
C．sent D．called
答案：①B ②B
4．convenience n．便利；方便
●用法拓展
at one's convenience在某人方便的时候
for convenience为了方便起见
if it suits one's convenience如果对某人方便
be convenient for sb./sth.对于……方便
●特别提醒
表示某人方便做某事时，不能用人作主语；也不能用It is convenient of sb. to do sth.；应用It is convenient for sb. to do sth.。
即境活用
单项填空
①I will come to pay a visit to you if________this weekend.
A．you're convenient
B．it is convenient for you
C．you feel convenient
D．it is convenient with you
②Our new house is very________for me as I can get to the office in five minutes.
A．adaptable B．comfortable
C．convenient D．available
答案：①B convenient多用it来充当形式主语，不用人作主语，排除A、C两项；再由结构“it is convenient for sb. to do sth.”可知选B项。
②C adaptable“能适应的，适应性强的”；comfortable“舒适的”；convenient“方便的，便利的”；available“可获得的，可得到的”。根据句意应选C。
5．thrill vt.使激动；使胆战心惊
①His music thrills the audience.
他的音乐令观众激动。
②It thrilled Sara to learn that the visitor was a member of the Royal Family.
使萨拉感到激动的是来访者是皇家的一名成员。
●用法拓展
(1)thrill n．兴奋，激动；恐怖；令人激动的事情。
(2)thrilled adj.感到激动的(very excited，happy, and pleased)
(3)thrilling adj.毛骨悚然的；颤动的；发抖的；令人激动的(interesting and exciting)
(4)a thrill of joy/horror一阵喜悦/恐慌
(5)thrill with joy因喜悦而激动
(6)(the) thrills and spills 紧张和刺激
①Flying is still a tremendous thrill for me.
坐飞机对我来说仍然是件恐怖的事情。
②Winning the first place must have been quite a thrill.
赢得第一名是件令人激动的事情。
③His music is thrilling.
他的音乐令人激动。
即境活用
单项填空
I'm absolutely ________ that you are coming.
A．thrilling B．thrilled
C．delighting D．enjoyable
答案：B
6．delight n．快乐，高兴，喜悦 vt. & vi.(使)高兴，(使)欣喜
delight in (doing) sth.以某事为乐(尤指不该做的事)
to one's delight令某人高兴的是
take/find/have delight in喜好；以……为乐
with/in delight高兴地
It's a delight to do sth.做某事是令人愉快的
①Chris delights in teasing his sister.
克里斯特别喜欢戏弄他妹妹。
②Much to our delight, everything goes well.
使我们高兴的是，一切进展顺利。
③People still take delight in talking about the legendary story.
那个传奇故事至今为人们津津乐道。
●用法拓展
(1)delighted adj.高兴的，快乐的
be delighted at为……而高兴
be delighted to do sth./that为……而高兴
(2)delightful adj.令人快乐的
①Thanks for the invitation. I'd be delighted to come.
谢谢你的邀请，我很乐意前来。
②My brother is a delightful young man.
我弟弟是一个令人快乐的年轻人。
即境活用
单项填空
________ at the good news, she couldn't help crying.
A．Delighting B．Delighted
C．Delightful D．Being delighted
答案：B
7．divide vt. & vi.分，划分；分配，分开
divide among/between在……之间分配
divide by用……除；因……分裂
divide into分成
divide...into把……分成
divide up分开；划分
①The children divided up the candy among themselves.
孩子们把糖果分开吃了。
②12 divided by 4 equals 3.
十二除以四等于三。
③The teacher divided our class into four groups.
老师把我们班分成四个小组。
④We'll divide up the work (divide the work up) among us.
我们将分担工作。
●易混辨析
divide与separate
divide作“分开，分离”解时，指把具有统一性的或整体性的东西分成几部分，往往含有自然划分的意思。强调按比例“划分”或“分隔”成若干部分，常与介词into连用。
separate除作“分开，分离”解外，还可作“隔离”解，指把原来结合在一起或混杂的东西分开，被分开的东西没有任何统一性或者强调个体的隔离，常与介词from连用。
①Our class is divided into four groups.
我们班分成了四个小组。
②Please separate the good apples from the bad ones.
请把好苹果与坏苹果分开。
即境活用
单项填空
So I created a schedule that would ________ my time up between going to class, doing homework and relaxing.
A．fix B．divide
C．put D．build
答案：B
8．available adj.可用到的；可利用的；有用的；有空的；接受探访的
Attention, please. These tickets are available on (the) day of issue only.
请注意，这些车票只在发售当天有效。
When will the information be made available?
何时才可了解到信息？
Every available doctor was called to the scene.
所有能找到的医生都被叫到了现场。
●归纳延伸
be available for/to对……有用/可得到
readily/freely/generally available随时/随手/一般可以得到的
every available每个能找到的
make...available使……可得到/可用
sb. is available for某人有时间做……
即境活用
翻译句子
①他现在没时间接受采访。
________________________________________________________________________
②所有能找到的护士都迅速赶往出事地点。
________________________________________________________________________
③可用的空间我们都用上了。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：①He is not available for the interview now.
②Every available nurse rushed to the scene of the accident.
③We've already used up all the available space.
重点短语
1.break down毁掉；制服；压倒；停顿；倒塌；中止；垮掉；分解
The peace talks are said to have broken down.
据说和谈破裂了。
Our truck broke down outside town.
我们的卡车在城外抛锚了。
Food is broken down by chemicals.
化学物质引起食物转化。
●归纳延伸
break down(机器、车辆)出故障；失败；垮掉；感情失去控制
break sth. down打倒，破坏某物；消除；把……分类；使分解
break in闯入；强行进入；打断；插嘴
break into闯入；打断；插话；突然……起来
break out逃脱；逃出；突然发生
break through突破
break up分裂；结束；解散；(学校)开始放假；使发笑；逗乐；使苦恼
即境活用
单项填空
①His health ________ under the pressure of work.
A．broke down B．broke up
C．broke out D．broke into
②It will be difficult for them to ________ their prejudices about the poor man.
A．break of B．break in
C．break out D．break down
③At last, those physicians and specialists ________ in their fight against heart disease.
A．broke away B．broke down
C．broke through D．broke up
答案：①A ②D ③C
2．be known as被认为是；作为……而闻名
They are known as the House of Representatives and the Senate.
它们被称为众议院和参议院。
Chicago is known as“the windy city”．
芝加哥被称为“风城”。
She's known as a great singer.
她是公认的大歌唱家。
●易混辨析
be known as, be known for与be known to
be known as被认为是，作为……而闻名
be known for＝be famous for以……闻名。如：
The Saumur region is known for its sparkling wines.
(法国)索米尔地区以出产香槟酒而闻名。
be known to为……所知。如：
It is known to us all that Liu Xiang is a man of iron.
众所周知，刘翔是个意志坚强的人。
即境活用
介词填空
①Zhang Ziyi is known ________ everyone ________ a good actress.
②He was known ________ his frankness.
③This place is known ________ the most dangerous part of the city.
答案：①to；as ②for ③as
3．leave out 省去；遗漏；不考虑
①They must decide what to leave out.
他们必须决定省去什么。
②She left out the date on the cheque.
她在支票上漏写了日期。
●用法拓展
(1)leave alone别管；别惹；别动，让……独自待着
(2)leave behind 不带走；忘了带；遗留
(3)leave off停止，中断；脱掉
(4)leave sth. with/to sb.把……托付给某人
(5)leave sth. aside不考虑某事物，忽略
(6)leave sb./sth. for sb./sth.抛弃某人或某事物而追求他人/物
(7)leave sb./sth. out遗漏，略去
(8)leave for动身到(某处)
(9)leave go (of sth.)松手；撒手；放开
(10)on leave休假中
①You shouldn't have left such a child alone at the station at night.
你不应当让那样一个小孩在夜晚独自待在车站里。
②She left her bag behind in the train.
她把包丢在列车上了。
③Barry took up the story where he had left off last time.
白瑞从上次停下来的地方接着讲故事。
④He departed for Washington, leaving the children with their mother.
他离开去了华盛顿，把孩子交给了他们的母亲。
⑤Leave it to me. I'll make sure it gets posted.
把它交给我吧，我会把它寄出去的。
⑥He left a great fame behind.
他身后留下了盛名。
⑦Will you leave that piano alone?
别碰那架钢琴好吗？
即境活用
单项填空
It's unnatural for a mother to leave her child ________ to enjoy herself.
A．alone B．lonely
C．lone D．loneliness
答案：A
4．take the place of代替
Who can take the place of the manager?
谁能代替经理？
●用法拓展
(1)take the place of＝take one's place/replace取代，代替
(2)take one's place代替；就座
(3)in place在通常的位置，在适当的位置；合适，恰当
(4)in place of/in one's place代替；处于某人的位置(介词短语)
(5)out of place在错误的位置，在不适当的位置；不合适，不恰当，不自在
(6)take place发生，举行(无被动)
(7)in the first place最初；首先；第一
(8)give place to让位于……
(9)a place of interest一处名胜
①Your English teacher is ill, so I take his place to give you lessons.
你们的英语老师病了，因此我替他来给你们上课。
②Everybody, take your place please.
请大家就座。
③The chairs for the concert were nearly all in place.
音乐会的椅子差不多都被摆放好了。
④What would you do in my place?
如果你处在我的位置你会怎么办？
⑤He never seemed to feel out of place at social functions.
在社交场合他好像从未感到什么不自在。
⑥What he said in that occasion was really out of place.
他在那个场合所说的话的确不合适。
⑦Great changes are taking place in society.
社会正发生巨大的变化。
5．consist of由……组成
The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
联合王国包括大不列颠与北爱尔兰。
●用法拓展
consist of由……组成(没有进行时和被动式)
近义词(组)有：be composed of/be made up of/include由……组成
consist in＝lie in存在于；在于(无进行式和被动式)
consist with一致；符合
consistent adj.一致的；相容的
be consistent with和……一致；相符
His job consists of(is made up of/includes)helping old people who live alone.
他的工作包括帮助独居的老人。
The beauty of air travel consists in its speed and ease.
坐飞机旅行的美妙之处在于它的迅捷和舒适。
What does happiness consist in?
什么才算是幸福呢？
What we say should be consistent with what we do.
我们应该言行一致。
即境活用
单项填空
―Would you please tell us something about the Group of Eight(G8)?
―Well，G8 is an international organization________the richest countries in the world.
A．is consisted of B．consisting of
C．consists of D．consisted of
答案：B
重点句式
1.There is no need to debate any more why different words are used to describe the four countries：England，Wales，Scotland and Northern Ireland.
对于用来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家的词语，现在已经没有争辩的必要了。
(1)句中的there is no need意为“没必要”，用法如下：
there is no need for sth.某事没必要。例如：
There is no need for anxiety.
没必要担心。
there is no need for sb. to do sth.某人做某事是没必要的
There is no need for you to go.
你没必要去。
there is no need doing sth.做某事是没必要的。
There is no need arguing about this matter.
这件事不必辩论了。
(2)be used to do是use这个词的被动语态，意为“被用于做……”。如：
Wood can be used to make paper.
木头可以被用来造纸。
This room is used to keep all our junk in.
这间房间被用来放我们的废旧杂物。
●易混辨析
be used to do/doing/sth.与used to do
be used to do被用于做……
be/get used to doing/sth.习惯于。如：
You must get used to getting up early.
你必须习惯于早起。
The astronauts soon got used to the condition of weightlessness.
太空人很快就习惯了失重状态。
used to do过去常做某事，否定形式为didn't use to do，或者used not to do。如：
I used to go to the cinema a lot，but I never put the time now.
我过去常看电影，但现在根本没有时间看了。
The shops used not to/didn't use to open on Sundays.
这些商店过去星期天是不开门的。
即境活用
完成句子
①There is no need________(你明天不必早起)．
单项填空
②I________in the house which________books and magazines.
A．am used to live；use to keeping
B．used to live；has been used to keeping
C．have been used to living；was used to keep
D．was used to live；is used to keep
③He is taller than he________.
A．used B．used to be
C．used to D．used to do
答案：①for you to get up early tomorrow
②C ③B
2．However，just as they were going to get Ireland connected to form the United Kingdom，the southern part of that country broke away to form its own government.
然而，正当他们打算把爱尔兰也联合起来组建联合国时，爱尔兰的南部却分离出去了，并建立了自己的政府。
句中get sth. done＝have sth. done意为“使某事被做”，名词是动作的承受者。例如：
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.
我这就去洗盘子，然后回来。
The long journey got all of us tired.
长长的旅程让我们都很累。
He got his fingers caught in the door.
他的手指被门夹了。
●易混辨析
get sb./sth. to do，get sb./sth. doing与get done
get sb./sth. to do＝make sb./sth. do促使……做
He got his sister to help him with his homework.
他让姐姐帮他做作业。
Don't forget to get her to come once you see her.
当你看到她时，别忘了叫她过来。
get sb./sth. doing让/使某人做某事
Can you really get that old car going again?
你真能让那老爷车再跑起来吗？
I wonder if Frank could get her talking.
我想知道弗兰克能否让她讲话。
get done用于意想不到、突然或偶然发生，意为“被……”。如：
get lost/trapped/caught/dressed etc.
迷路/陷入困境/被抓/穿衣等
Nick is going to get married in September.
尼克打算九月份结婚。
即境活用
单项填空
①Be careful when you cross this very busy street.If not，you may________run over by a car.
A．have B．get
C．become D．turn
②Jack's watch went wrong so he had to get it________.
A．repair B．repairs
C．repaired D．repairing
③Although Mr.Smith was poor at that time，he managed to get his son________.
A．educate B．to educate
C．educated D．educating
答案：①B ②C ③C
3．Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well.
如今只要有人提起英格兰，你就会发现威尔士总是包括在内的。
find Wales included属于“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，included为过去分词作宾语补足语。find在该结构中表示“发现，觉得，发现……处于某种状态”之意。
●考点归纳
find后的宾语补足语通常由以下几种形式充当：
find＋宾语＋介词短语
find＋宾语＋形容词
find＋宾语＋现在分词(当宾语与作宾补的动词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系时，用现在分词表示主动的或正在进行的动作)
find＋宾语＋过去分词(当宾语与作宾补的动词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系时，用过去分词表示被动的动作)
find＋宾语＋名词
Suddenly I found my mother at the edge of the river.
我忽然发现我母亲站在河边。
Li Ming found himself wet when he arrived home.
当到家时，李明发现自己全身都湿了。
Tom found the girl walking in the direction of the small village.
汤姆发现那个女孩朝那个小村庄走去。
Then I found the hero surrounded by a group of soldiers.
然后我发现那个英雄被一群士兵围住了。
I find him the man who saved me.
我发现他就是救了我的那个人。
●温馨提示
注意：①“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构中如果宾语是动词不定式或宾语从句时，习惯上用形式宾语it代替它们，而把真正的宾语放在句末。
②如果把这种结构变为被动语态，就要把原来的宾语变为主语，此时宾补变为主补。
I find it necessary to surf the Internet.
我觉得上网很有必要。
He was found killed in his home.
有人发现他在家中被害了。
The cook was found smoking in the kitchen.
有人发现这个厨师在厨房抽烟。
即境活用
单项填空
On the way back home from the ball，she suddenly found her necklace________.
A．missed B．losing
C．gone D．be stolen
答案：C
4．Fancy！This solid stone，square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.
真是太棒了！这个坚实的用石头砌的方形塔已经屹立在那儿一千年了。
remain在本句中为连系动词，意为“保持不变，仍然处于(某种状态)”。
●用法拓展
remain后面常接形容词、分词、不定式、名词或介词短语作表语，构成系表结构。
Asked several times，Tom remained expressionless.
被问了好几次，汤姆仍然面无表情。(接形容词)
Please remain seated until all the lights are on.
请坐着别动，直到灯光全部打开。(接过去分词)
Few buildings remained standing after the earthquake.
地震过后几乎没有几座房子幸存下来。(接现在分词)
Although it began to rain，they remained/stayed on the playground.
尽管开始下雨了，他们仍然还在操场上。(接介词短语)
●用法拓展
remained n．剩下的人/部分；余数
remains n．(pl.)剩下的部分，残留物；遗体
remaining adj.剩余的
It remains to be seen/done...……尚待分晓/去做
remain up过了就寝时间还不去睡
remain in待在家里
remain out待在外面，留在户外
Nothing remains but to...只要……就行了
It remains for sb. to do sth.某人尚待去做某事
●温馨提示
remaining常作前置定语；而left也可表示“剩余的”，只能作后置定语。
He left the shop，with the remaining twenty dollars.
＝He left the shop，with twenty dollars left.
他离开了商店，带着剩下的20美元。
即境活用
单项填空
①Please remain________；the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
A．seating B．seated
C．to seat D．to be seated
②It remains________whether Jim'll be fit enough to play in the finals.
A．seen B．to be seen
C．seeing D．to see
答案：①B seat为及物动词， remain/be seated“保持坐着的状态，坐着”是系表结构。句意为：请在座位上坐着；很快就会宣布获奖者。
②B remain后面可以接不定式作表语，表示时间上的“将来”，且it和see之间存在被动关系，故要用不定式的被动语态形式。句意为：Jim是否能够打决赛还要拭目以待。
5．It looked splendid when first built!
刚建成的时候，它看起来真是金碧辉煌！
when first built是一个部分省略的时间状语从句。完整形式是when it was first built，在时间状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句和方式状语从句中，若从句的主语和主句的主语一致，同时谓语含有系动词be或从句为it is结构时，往往省去该从句的主语和be动词。如：
①Be careful when (you are) crossing the street.
过街时要当心。
②Turn to him for help if(it is)necessary.
如果有必要可求助于他。
③Water will boil when (it is) continuously heated.
当持续加热时，水就会沸腾。
④While crossing the road, do be careful.
过马路时，务必要小心。
⑤Unless spoken to, the little girl kept silent.
除非别人跟她讲，否则这小女孩保持沉默。
即境活用
单项填空
________ what he had done, he hung his head and said nothing.
A．To be asked B．When asked
C．Having asked D．When asking
答案：B
6．What interested her most was the longitude line.
她最感兴趣的是那条通过天文台的经线。
What interested her most是主语从句。What interests/delights/moves/frightens/excites/inspires sb. most is...(最使某人感到……的是……)是个常用的句型。如：
①What excited me most was that I passed the driving test.
最使我感到兴奋的是我通过了驾驶证考试。
②What puzzled me most was how he escaped from the locked room.
最使我感到疑惑的是他是怎样从锁着的房子里逃出来的。
③What moved me most was that he died for the people.
最感动我的是他为人民而牺牲。
●用法拓展
what常引导名词性从句，并在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
①What she said made him deeply disappointed.
她说的话让他深感失望。(what作宾语)
②The village is no longer what is used to be.
这个小村子和以前大不相同了。(what作表语)
③What makes the school proud is that more than 80% of the students have been admitted to key universities.
使这所学校骄傲的是80%以上的学生被重点大学录取了。(what作主语)
即境活用
单项填空
________ is reported in the newspaper is that the talks between the two countries are making progress.
A．It B．As
C．That D．What
答案：D
7．Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.
担心时间不够，张萍玉提前列了一个想在伦敦参观的景观的单子。
worried about the time available是过去分词作状语。一般修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词动作的承受者，即过去分词与主语之间是动宾关系，即被动关系。过去分词作状语，前边往往可以加when, while, if, as if, though等。例如：
Although built thirty years ago, the house looks very beautiful.
尽管这座房子是30年前被建造的，它看起来依然很漂亮。
Given more time, he can do it better.
如果他被给予更多的时间，他就能把它做得更好。
即境活用
单项填空
①Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A．invited B．inviting
C．being invited D．having invited
②When ________， the museum will be open to the public next year.
A．completed B．completing
C．being completed D．to be completed
③________ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A．Being founded B．It was founded
C．Founded D．Founding
答案：①A ②A ③C
8．To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's jewels guarded by special royal soldiers who, on special occasions, still wore the fourhundredyearold uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.
令张萍玉吃惊的是，她发现女王的珠宝由皇家特别卫士看守着，而这些士兵在特殊的日子仍会穿着400年前伊丽莎白一世女王时期的制服。
(1)to one's great surprise“令某人吃惊的是”，to one's ＋n.表示“令某人……的是”，常用的搭配还有：to one's joy/delight/horror/disappointment/astonishment/enjoyment等。例如：
To John's great relief, they reached the house at last.
约翰长舒一口气，他们终于到了这所房子。
(2)found the Queen's jewels guarded中find的用法：find＋宾语＋宾补(adj.；adv.；v.ing; p．p.；介词短语；不定式)。例如：
A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.
如果厨师被发现在厨房吸烟，他会立即被解雇。
They found themselves trapped by the bush fire.
他们发现自己被丛林大火包围。
When I woke up, I found myself in hospital.
当我醒来的时候，发现自己在医院。
(3)on special occasions“在特殊的场合”，类似的结构：on this occasion在这场合，这次场合，这次；on that occasion在那场合，那次；on one occasion有一次；on several occasions有几次；on occasion偶尔，有时。
即境活用
完成句子
①A whale was found ________ on the shore.
一头鲸被发现冲到岸上。
②We've found a great new restaurant ______________.
我们在学校附近发现了一家不错的新开的餐馆。
③The child was eventually found __________________.
孩子最终被找到了，安然无恙。
答案：①washed up ②near our school ③safe and sound
知 能 层 层 练
一、单项填空
1．―Does she say anything that ________ you especially?
―Not really.
A．attacks B．attracts
C．appeals D．appoints
答案：B
解析：attract“吸引”，符合题意。attack“攻击”；appeal表示“吸引”时，其后不能直接跟宾语，应用appeal to；appoint“指定；任命”。
2．The project ________by the end of 2010, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 2 000 000 users.
A．being accomplished
B．to be accomplished
C．accomplished
D．having been accomplished
答案：B
解析：accomplish“做成功，完成”。由时间状语by the end of 2010可知用不定式作定语。
3．The lift has just________.We have to walk up to the top floor.
A．taken down B．broken down
C．come down D．turned down
答案：B
解析：break down此处意为“(机器等)发生故障”。
4．Imperfect goods are________by our quality control center in case they come into the consuming of the customers.
A．rejected B．accepted
C．realized D．followed
答案：A
解析：reject“拒绝；不接受；抛弃”，常有由于质量问题或不再有用而丢弃的含义，相当于abandon。
5．In dealing with public relations，we should make every effort to prevent the________in personality.
A．conflict B．contrast
C．contract D．concern
答案：A
解析：conflict“冲突”符合题意。contrast“差别”；contract“合同”；concern“关心；担忧”。
6．This naughty boy________his mother who was trying to hold him by the arm and ran to the bookstore.
A．broke down B．broke away
C．broke up D．broke away from
答案：D
解析：break away from“脱离……”。break down“抛锚；坏掉”；break up“分解”。
7．The opening province which________thirteen countries and three coastal cities will quicken its paces of economic development.
A．consists of B．makes up
C．is included D．is contained
答案：A
解析：which引导的定语从句作province的定语，并且空白处意为“组成；构成”，故应选consist of，相当于be made up of。
8．―The fellow has been suspected________an email fraud.
―Nowadays cybercrime is developing________an amazing rate.
A．from；at B．about；in
C．of；with D．of；at
答案：D
解析：suspect sb.of...为固定搭配，意为“怀疑某人是……”；rate常与介词at连用，意为“以……的速度”。
9．―Which of those electronic dictionaries do you like most?
―________.They are very expensive and of little use.
A．None B．Both
C．Neither D．All
答案：A
解析：由问语中的“like most”可知，句中的electronic dictionaries应该指代三者或者三者以上。none“(三个以上之中)任一都不……”正确。both“两者都”表示对两者的肯定；neither否定两者；all指代“三者或三者以上都……”。
10．―Do you have________for the party，Mary?
―No，we still have to get another five chairs and some fresh flowers.
A．something B．everything
C．anything D．nothing
答案：B
解析：everything意为“一切”，由答语可知晚会并非一切都准备好了。
二、用所给词的适当形式填空
1．unite
①The Trade ________ Movement works to obtain higher wages and better conditions.
②Police chiefs called on the local people to ________ against the drug dealers.
③The ________ Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
2．unwilling
①He indicated his ________ with a nod of his head.
②I'd like to buy your house if you are ________ to sell it. I like its style.
③What happens if her father is ________ or unable to stay at home with her?
④Though she'd lost her job, she saved face by saying she'd left it ________.
3．alike
①He is ________ a son to me. We treat each other like father and son.
②I always confuse the sisters: they look so ________.They look the same.
4．attract
①She is a very ________ girl. We like her very much because she is kind and gentle.
②The ________ of the moon for the earth causes the tides when it moves around the earth.
③The flower show ________ large crowds last year because they were in full blossom.
5．possibility
①I can't ________ lend you so much money. I wonder if you can return it in time when it is needed.
②We must accept the ________ that we might be wrong before we can't prove ourselves right.
③The police are investigating his ________ involvement in the crime.
答案：1.①Union ②unite ③United
2．①willingness ②willing ③unwilling ④willingly
3．①like ②alike
4．①attractive ②attraction ③attracted
5．①possibly ②possibility ③possible
三、用适当的介词或副词填空
1．For further details, please refer ________ Chapter Ten and you'll find what you need.
2．The class divided ________ groups of four and five.
3．How much do I have ________ my credit?
4．The telephone system has broken ________ and you can't get it through.
5．What does happiness consist ________ when you say you are happy?
答案：1.to 2.into 3.to 4.down 5.in
四、选择合适的短语并用其适当形式填空
1．take one's place, give place to, in place, take the place of
①It is a good habit to have things ________ after you have used them.
②Old methods must ________ new ones and new methods are usually better than old ones.
③Nowadays plastics ________ wood in many ways and are used widely all over the world.
④Hello, everybody. Please ________ and settle down. The meeting will start soon.
2．break down, break out, break into, break away from
①Discussions between the two sides have ________ and they are dissatisfied with each other.
②Would you know what to do if a fire ________ in your school?
③As the President's car arrived, the crowd ________ loud applause.
④Can't you ________ old habits if you want to make some changes?
3．consist of, consist in
①The beauty of the plan ________ its simplicity. When you read, you will understand it easily.
②Most people are familiar with the idea that all matter ________ atoms.
4．divide into, separate from
①A doctor's duty of care can be ________ three areas: advice, diagnosis and treatment.
②He tries to keep his professional life completely ________ his private life.
答案：1.①in place ②give place to ③have taken the place of ④take your place
2．①broken down ②broke out ③broke into ④break away from
3．①consists in ②consists of
4．①divided into ②separate from
语 法 路 路 通
高考语法专题九 情态动词与虚拟语气
知识清单
一、情态动词的基本用法
1．情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，用以表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的词，不能单独作谓语，常用的有can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, ought to, dare, need, used to等。
2．can/could的主要用法
①表示能力。can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力；be able to侧重经过努力而成功做到某事。
②表示请求、允许。表示委婉地请求时，多用could，回答时仍用can。
③表示推测。多用于否定句和疑问句中。
3．may/might的主要用法
①表示征求对方意见或允许。might比may的语气更加委婉。
②表示把握性不大的推测，might的可能性比may小。
③表示祝愿。may置于句首。
4．must的用法
①表示必须。强调说话人的主观语气。否定形式mustn't表示禁止。其一般疑问句的肯定答语用must，否定回答用needn't或don't have to。
②表示推测。指有根据、有把握的推测，只用于肯定句中。
③表示质问或感情色彩，意为“偏要，偏偏”。
5．should/ought to的主要用法
①表示应该。should常表示现在或将来的责任或义务，相当于ought to。
②表示有较大可能性实现的推测。
③should可以表示意外、惊喜等惊讶的语气。
6．will/would的主要用法
①表示意愿时，will用于现在时，would用于过去时。
②用于第二人称为主语的疑问句中表示征求意见或提出请求。
③will表示现在的习惯，would表示过去的习惯。
④表示推测。will用于谈论现在，would既可谈论现在也可谈论过去。
7．shall的主要用法
①用于主语是第一人称或第三人称的疑问句中表示征求对方意见。
②用于主语是第二、第三人称的陈述句中表示说话者的允诺、告诫、威胁、命令、规定等。
③用在主语是第三人称的陈述句中，表示要求、规定、法令等中的义务。
8．need的用法
表示必要性，用作情态动词时后跟动词原形，常用于否定句和疑问句中。回答含有need的问句时，肯定回答用must/have to/have got to，否定回答用needn't/don't have to。
二、“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”的用法
9．“must＋have＋过去分词”表示对过去情况的肯定推测，意为“肯定，一定”。
10．“may/might＋have＋过去分词”表示对已经发生的事情可能性不大的推测，意为“可能，大概”。“might＋have＋过去分词”还可表示过去本可能发生而未发生的事情。
11．“should/ought to＋have＋过去分词”用于肯定句时，表示过去应该发生但却没有发生的事情；用于否定句时，表示过去发生了本不应该发生的事情。
12．“can(not)＋have＋过去分词”表示对过去(不)可能发生的事情的推测，多用于否定句和疑问句中。“could＋have＋过去分词”表示本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生的事。would have done“本会做某事”。
13．“needn't＋have＋过去分词”表示不必做的事情却做了，意为“其实不必”。
三、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气
14．与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。从句中用一般过去时，主句中用“would/should/could/might＋动词原形”的形式。
15．与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。从句中用过去完成时，主句中用“should/would/could/might＋have done”的形式。
16．与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。从句中用一般过去时、“should＋动词原形”或“were to＋动词原形”，主句中用“should/would/could/might＋动词原形”的形式。
17．省略if的虚拟条件句。当虚拟条件句中有should, had或were时，可以省略if而把should, had或were置于句首，形成部分倒装。
18．含蓄虚拟条件句。有时句子并没有出现明确表示虚拟条件的条件句，而是通过上下文或but, but for, if only, without等词或短语来表示。
19．错综时间条件句。当条件从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据所表示的时间作相应的调整。
四、在其他状语从句中的虚拟语气
20．在as if引导的状语从句中，用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
21．在so that, in order that引导的状语从句中，常用“should/would/could/might＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。
22．在lest引导的状语从句中常用“(should＋)动词原形”表示虚拟语气。
五、名词性从句中的虚拟语气
23．表示“建议、命令”等动词后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词应用“(should＋)动词原形”。
24．wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。宾语从句中用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反；表示与将来情况相反时，从句谓语动词用would/could do。
25．在表示命令、建议、要求等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should)＋动词原形”的形式；在as if后的表语从句中，用一般过去时表示与现在事实不符，用过去完成时表示与过去事实不符。
六、其他句型中的虚拟语气
26．在It's (high/about)time之后的从句中需用虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去时或should do。
27．在if only引导的从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用一般过去时或过去完成时。
专题专练
1.(2010•新课标全国卷)Just be patient. You ________ expect the world to change so soon.
A．can't B．needn't
C．may not D．will not
答案：A
解析：考查情态动词辨析。句意：耐心点儿。你不能指望世界立刻发生变化。can't表示“不能”；needn't“不必”；may not表示“不可能”；will not表示“不会”。只有A符合语意。
2．(2010•全国卷Ⅱ)I'm afraid Mr. Harding ________ see you now. He's busy.
A．can't B．mustn't
C．shouldn't D．needn't
答案：A
解析：考查情态动词。根据下一句中的内容可知Mr. Harding现在“不能”见你。can't不能；mustn't表示“禁止”；shouldn't表示“不应该”；needn't表示“不必”。
3．(2010•四川卷)―________ I take the book out?
―I'm afraid not.
A．Will B．May
C．Must D．Need
答案：B
解析：考查情态动词。may表示征求对方的许可。――我能将书带出去吗？――恐怕不行。
4．(2010•北京卷)―Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.
―Ah, good morning. You ________ be Mrs. Peters.
A．might B．must
C．would D．can
答案：B
解析：考查情态动词。must在这里表示推测，意思是“一定”。语意：你一定是Peters夫人。其他几项不合语意。
5．(2010•江西卷)I have told you the truth. ________ I keep repeating it?
A．Must B．Can
C．May D．Will
答案：A
解析：考查情态动词。句意：我已告诉你真相。一定要我再重复吗？must必定，必须，can可能，may可以，will愿意，将。
6．(2010•山东卷)I ________ have watched that movie―it'll give me horrible dreams.
A．shouldn't B．needn't
C．couldn't D．mustn't
答案：A
解析：考查情态动词。由下半句“让我做噩梦”可以看出，我很后悔看了那部电影，表示做了不该做的事情要用shouldn't have done结构。语意为：我不该看这部电影的，因为它会让我做噩梦。needn't have done表示做了没有必要做的事情；couldn't have done表示不可能做某事；D项不存在这种用法。
7．(2010•江苏卷)―I haven't got the reference book yet, but I'll have a test on the subject next month.
―Don't worry. You ________ have it by Friday.
A．could B．shall
C．must D．may
答案：B
解析：考查情态动词。此处shall用于第二人称表示说话人的许诺。
8．(2010•安徽卷)Jack described his father, who ________ a brave boy many years ago, as a strongwilled man.
A．would be B．would have been
C．must be D．must have been
答案：D
解析：杰克把他的父亲描述成一个意志坚强的人，此处表示的是对过去事实的推测，所以用must have done结构。注意句中有一个非限制性定语从句将主句分隔开了。
9．(2010•上海卷)―Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday.
―Oh, you ________ have done it as yesterday was the deadline.
A．must B．mustn't
C．should D．shouldn't
答案：C
解析：should have done本应该做(事实上未做)，考查虚拟语气。
10．(2010•天津卷)Mark ________ have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
A．needn't B．wouldn't
C．mustn't D．couldn't
答案：A
解析：考查“情态动词＋have done”的用法。needn't have done表示“本来不必要做但已经做了”，符合语境。must have done只能用于肯定句；couldn't have done本不可能但已经做了某事。
11．(2010•陕西卷)If we ________ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.
A．take B．had taken
C．took D．have taken
答案：B
解析：考查虚拟语气。如果我们走了另外那条路的话，我们可能会及时赶到这儿来参加会议的。题干为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，其构成是条件句用过去完成时，主句用情态动词＋have done。
12．(2010•浙江卷)Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ________.
A．would have been saved B．had been saved
C．will be saved D．was saved
答案：A
解析：考查虚拟语气。从前面Had I known about...知，此处是If条件句对过去情况的虚拟，所以主句用should/would/could/might＋have done结构，故排除B、C和D项，选A项。
13．(2010•福建卷)Teachers recommend parents ________ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
A．not allow B．do not allow
C．mustn't allow D．couldn't allow
答案：A
解析：考查虚拟语气。老师建议家长为了安全起见，不要让12岁以下的孩子骑自行车上学。recommend后的宾语从句的谓语形式应为should do 结构，should可以省略。故答案为A项。
14．(2010•江苏卷)George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he ________ more on its culture.
A．focus B．focused
C．would focus D．had focused
答案：B
解析：考查虚拟语气。would rather后的宾语从句的谓语动词用过去时，表示对现在或将来事实的虚拟。
15．But for their help，we________the program in time.
A．can not finish B．will not finish
C．had not finished D．could not have finished
答案：D
解析：考查虚拟语气。but for相当于without，可以用if引导的非真实条件句替换。由句意可知，这里表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以用could not＋have done，表示“过去不可能做了某事”。
16．This printer is of good quality.If it________break down within the first year，we would repair it at our expense.
A．would B．should
C．could D．might
答案：B
解析：考查虚拟语气。句意：这种打印机质量优良。如果它在第一年中出了毛病，我们将无偿维修。这是在条件句中对将来情况的虚拟，用should＋动词原形。
17．Cable television is very popular nowadays because it ________ provide more programmes.
A．can B．need
C．must D．should
答案：A
解析：can表示“能够、可以”表能力。
18．How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden!
A．has B．had
C．will have D．had had
答案：B
解析：wish后跟从句用虚拟语气，本题与现在事实相反。
19．Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it ________ yesterday.
A．was happening B．happens
C．has happened D．happened
答案：D
解析：as if引导从句多用虚拟语气。
20．There is someone walking around outside. Who ________ it be?
A．may B．will
C．can D．must
答案：C
解析：据意思“外面的人可能是谁呢？”，用can表示推测。故C项正确。
21．It's nearly eight o'clock. I must hang up and get down to work. My boss ________ be here at any moment.
A．should B．must
C．could D．would
答案：A
解析：根据语境知，马上到上班时间了，老板理应随时能到的。只有should表“应该；应当”，而must表“必须；一定”；C项表可能性；D项表习惯或意愿，故A项正确。
22．They live on a busy road. There ________ be a lot of noise from the traffic.
A．must B．may
C．would D．could
答案：A
解析：A项“一定；很可能”；B项“也许”；C项表很有可能；D项表推测也可用于肯定句，但语气较弱。根据语境知他们住在繁忙的大路边，故A项正确。
23．―Will Helen get disappointed if I tell her she failed?
―I think she ________.
A．may B．has to
C．should D．need
答案：A
解析：前句说，如果我告诉她未能成功的消息她会失望吗？后者表示自己的推测，也许会失望的，故A项符合语境。
24．Your room is terribly dirty; you ________ get it cleaned in two hours, or Mum will be angry.
A．can B．might
C．must D．may
答案：C
解析：A项“能；可以”；B项“可能”；C项“必须”；D项“也许；可以”。根据语境，两小时内必须把房子打扫干净，否则妈妈会生气，故C项符合题意。
25．―Could I get the passport in 20 days?
―It depends. Anyway, you ________ have my answer tomorrow.
A．could B．must
C．shall D．need
答案：C
解析：根据答语，你明天无论如何会得到我的答复。在陈述句中表示说话者给对方的承诺、决心、警告、威胁等时，常用情态动词shall，故C项正确。
26．Sorry, I'm late. I ________ have misunderstood the plan and I went for another appointment.
A．might B．should
C．can D．will
答案：A
解析：根据语境知，我可能误解了计划去参加了另一个约会。might have done用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……(此处might可换为may)”，故A项符合题意。
27．If it were not for literature, the wellknown writer J．K. Rowling ________ nowhere in life.
A．could go B．must go
C．would have gone D．should have gone
答案：C
解析：If it were not for...意为“如果没有；要不是”。句意：如果没有文学，著名作家J.K. Rowling就不会出现在生活中。would have done表示对过去事情的假设，意为“本来会……”。故C项正确。
28．―Do you know where the headmaster is? I have something urgent.
―Oh, he ________ have gone far, for his computer is still on in the office.
A．won't B．mustn't
C．can't D．wouldn't
答案：C
解析：根据答语知，校长办公室电脑仍开着，那么他就不可能走远，只有can't have done表“过去不可能做某事”，故C项正确。
29．It was an easy test and John ________， but he didn't.
A．should pass B．should have passed
C．must pass D．must have passed
答案：B
解析：根据语境中was和didn't知，此处表对过去推测，排除选项A和C；must have done“想必过去一定做过某事”；should have done“过去本应该做某事”，根据句意知他本应该通过考试，而事实并没有，故B项正确。
30．If he had known it was going to rain, he ________ his umbrella to work.
A．should have taken B．would have taken
C．must have taken D．could have taken
答案：B
解析：句意：如果他早知道天要下雨，他就会带了雨伞去上班。if条件句中谓语动词是had done，说明与过去事实相反，主句则用would have done结构，故B项正确。
2012届高考英语Unit2 TheUnitedKingdom复习专项教案
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